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I don't have a ready answer to the question in the title, but with regards to
The plan was to disable the MariaDB service so that no new writes to the database can be made (that have a risk of not being included in the dump).
This can be achieved without preventing access to the database engine by shutting it down.
If you are using only InnoDB and you can guarantee that no clients use ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE or TRUNCATE TABLE for the duration of the dump process, then you can pass --single-transaction to mariadb-dump to obtain a dump of exactly the data that has been committed at the start of the dump.
If that does not apply, then you can use --lock-all-tables instead; doing so acquires a much wider-ranging lock than simply relying on transactional isolation, but is still less invasive than completely shutting down the database server.
See mariadb-dump: Options for an explanation of those command-line options and many more.
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